蓬勃发展的中国磷肥工业如何面对磷矿资源瓶颈

近10年来,我国磷肥工业取得了突飞猛进的发展,其主要标志是以基础肥料磷酸二铵（DAP）为代表的高浓度磷复肥从无到有、从小到大,生产装备的技术水平和国产化程度快速提高,产品结构不断优化,自给率不断提高。但在高速发展的同时,风险和隐忧已经显现,即DAP市场可能出现严重的供过于求、原料磷矿供不应求、磷矿资源衰竭速度加快,这直接威胁我国中、远期的粮食安全。为此,笔者建议采取坚决禁止磷矿石的出口、鼓励进口磷矿石、限制磷铵的发展速度、继续坚定不移地实行“矿肥基地”和“酸肥基地”并举和并重的方针、大力提倡两大基地的资源整合和鼓励有条件的“酸肥基地”企业参与开发矿山等措施,切实保障我国磷复肥工业的可持续发展。     

三维激光扫描技术在引水隧洞检修中的应用

三维激光扫描技术是国际上近年发展的一项集光、电和计算机技术于一体的新技术,利用该技术可以快速、精确地获取空间数据。锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞放空检修时发现少数洞内存在混凝土破损情况,但受时间与费用等因素限制,难于以采用常规手段详细检查混凝土表面缺陷与变形等问题。通过采用三维激光扫描技术对隧洞进行全断面扫描,及时探查了混凝土表面的缺陷并进行了处理,确保了工程安全运行;同时,还得到混凝土表面的三维坐标信息,建立了混凝土表面缺陷基准数据库,可为后续进一步分析混凝土表面缺陷的变化情况提供参考。     

水流掺气对明流泄洪洞及挑坎水力特性的影响

水流充分掺气可以避免高流速泄洪设施发生空蚀,但也会改变相关水力特性。通过对某大坝泄洪洞掺气设施水力模型试验及关于水流表面自掺气发生条件的相关分析,提出了在全程流速超过38 m/s,长度达550 m的明流洞内仅布置一级掺气设施的建议,较通常情况减少了两级;并针对泄洪洞出流方向与河道流向交角达60°的特点,研究提出了一种大差动异型鼻坎消能工。水工模型试验成果表明,其挑流水舌沿河道纵向扩散良好,水舌外缘与河道对岸保持了30 m以上的安全距离。该泄洪洞建成后经历了高水头、较长时间的泄洪运行,明流洞和鼻坎消能工均无空蚀发生,但挑坎水舌却冲刷到对岸边坡。     

基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体力学参数折剪计算

节理化岩体力学参数是矿山工程地质和稳定性分析的重要基础数据,一般在实验室通过单轴、三轴试验只能得到岩石的力学参数,无法得到岩体的力学参数。目前,利用岩石力学参数确定岩体力学参数的方法较多,但都过于烦琐或准确度不高,急需一种新的简易确定方法。因此,通过利用基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的地质强度指标（GSI法）,并结合相应的岩土分析软件,强度折剪岩石力学参数值,从而得到岩体的力学参数。通过将该方法应用于赤峰中色白音诺尔矿业有限公司岩体力学参数的计算中,证明采用该方法考虑岩体的结构面和完整性,可较为准确地反映节理化岩体的力学特性,且方便可行,具有工程实用价值。?     

Partial acidulation of an ‘unground’ phosphate rock: II. Plant availability of phosphate

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted using three soils to determine the availability to plants of P from unground North Carolina phosphate rock (PR) treated with 20% to 50% of the H₃PO₄ required for complete acidulation. The influences of soil P retention, P status, the method of preparation of partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) and the granule size of the products were investigated. Perennial ryegrass was grown as the test plant for up to 8 months. Triple superphosphate (TSP) was used as the standard fertilizer and unground North Carolina rock was included for comparison.The dry matter yield and P uptake response curves showed that in all experiments PAPRs were markedly superior to the PR. P status of soils appeared to influence the effectiveness of PAPRs to a greater extent than P retention. In soils of low P status the degree of acidulation required for PAPR to be nearly or as effective as TSP was 50% whereas in a soil of high P status even 30% PAPR applied as a maintenance fertilizer was effective. There was a significant positive correlation between water soluble P of fertilizers and P uptake by ryegrass. However, in general PAPRs were more effective per unit of water soluble P than TSP. Granule size (< 1 mm and 1–2 mm) and method of preparation of PAPRs did not alter the effectiveness of PAPRs.     

王集磷矿石不加温浮选试验

王集磷矿石采用GD系列捕收剂，在不加温的情况下可以获得与加温到55～60℃时相近的浮选指标。其经济效益和节能十分可观。     

磷矿中氧化钙,氧化镁测定方法的研究

用硝酸铋分离磷酸根离子，在滤液中用ＥＧＴＡ－ＥＤＴＡ分别测定氧化钙，氧化镁较之传统方法简便效果好。     

软弱破碎围岩隧道二衬施作的合理时机判别研究

为了合理判别软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬施作时机,结合工程实践,通过洞室拱顶沉降和边墙变形收敛的现场监控量测,提出了利用围岩-初支系统变形实测数据判别软弱破碎围岩隧道二衬施作合理时机的考虑支护是否保守的五级速率比值法并研发了相应的软件,并通过工程实例进行了成功验证。研究表明：1研制的软件操作具有界面简洁、友好,以及操作简单易用的特点,具有测点围岩-初支系统位移和收敛的现场监测数据的录入、储存、修改和管理等功能,能方便地进行软弱破碎围岩隧道的二衬合理时机判别;2通过工程实例验证分析表明,提出的方法是可行的,与现行的二衬时机选择的方法本质上是相同的,但更加具有可操作性,研究成果可以为同类型隧道的二衬时机选择提供可资借鉴的方法。     

电力企业移动安全接入平台

电力企业承担着为社会经济发展提供安全、可持续电力供应的重要使命,因此,电力企业信息系统的安全要求比普通企业要高。随着电力企业信息化的快速推进,各种远程移动终端与信息内网的数据交换需求日益增长。如何保证移动终端远程接入的安全已成为电力企业信息化建设中的关键问题。在分析传统 SSL VPN 技术的基础上,针对电力企业信息安全建设的特点和特殊需求,设计了一种适用于电力企业的新型移动安全接入平台。该平台能够支持多种移动终端的多因素认证和访问控制,同时实现了SSL高速协议栈、数据隔离等功能,有效地解决了上面所提到的问题。     

Agronomical evaluation of phosphate fertilizer as a nutrient source of phosphorus for crops: Isotopic procedure

The agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers, as sources of phosphorus for crops, was evaluated using the quantities, P_f, of phosphorus taken up byLolium perenne grown on 14 soils during greenhouse experiments in pot cultures. The P_f quantities were determined using³²P-labelled fertilizers. Data were analysed using a new concept: the Isotopic Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (IRAE). The IRAE value was defined as the ratio of the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a tested fertilizer over the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a fertilizer used as standard. In our experiments diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as standard P fertilizer and two rock phosphates, the North Carolina rock phosphate (NCPR) and a calcium-iron-aluminium phosphate (Phospal), were tested. As a linear relationship between P_f(NCPR) quantities and P_f(DAP) quantities was obtained, with r² = 0.95, when the application rates increased from 15 mgP (kg soil)^–1 to 200 mgP (kg soil)^–1, it is conciuded that IRAE values for a given fertilizer, other than the standard fertilizer, could be determined with a single rate of application. As regards soil pH in the range 4.7 to 8.2 the IRAE_NCPR is related to soil pH by a curvilinear relationship: log IRAE_NCPR = –(0.44) pH + 4.05 with r² = 0.89. The average of IRAE_phospal values was 0.15 with a standard error = 7% irrespective of soil pH. Then a logarithmic relationship was obtained between IRAE values of the two tested fertilizers and their water P-solubility determined at the soil pH where they were applied.